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Sciatica

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</style><table class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Sciatica</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Sciatic neuritis, sciatic neuralgia, lumbar radiculopathy, radicular leg pain</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anterior view showing the sciatic nerve going down the right leg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>/saɪˈætɪkə/ sy-AT-ik-ə </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Orthopedics" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopedics">Orthopedics</a>, <a href="Neurology" title="Neurology">neurology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Pain" title="Pain">Pain</a> going down the leg from the <a href="Lower_back" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower back">lower back</a>, weakness or numbness of the affected leg<a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Loss of bowel or bladder control<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014b-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usual onset</th><td class="infobox-data">40s–50s<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014b-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">90% of the time less than 6 weeks<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014b-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Cause_(medicine)" title="Cause (medicine)">Causes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Spinal_disc_herniation" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal disc herniation">Spinal disc herniation</a>, <a href="Spondylolisthesis" title="Spondylolisthesis">spondylolisthesis</a>, <a href="Spinal_stenosis" title="Spinal stenosis">spinal stenosis</a>, <a href="Piriformis_syndrome" title="Piriformis syndrome">piriformis syndrome</a>, <a href="Pelvic_tumor" title="Pelvic tumor">pelvic tumor</a><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Valat2010-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Straight-leg-raising_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight-leg-raising test">Straight-leg-raising test</a><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Herpes_zoster" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes zoster">Shingles</a>, diseases of the hip<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Analgesics" class="mw-redirect" title="Analgesics">Pain medications</a>, <a href="Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014b-2">[2]</a> <a href="Physical_rehabilitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical rehabilitation">physical rehabilitation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">2–40% of people at some time<a href="#cite_note-Valat2010-4">[4]</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">

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Sciatica is <a href="Pain" title="Pain">pain</a> going down the leg from the <a href="Lower_back" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower back">lower back</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-1">[1]</a> This pain may extend down the back, outside, or front of the leg.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-3">[3]</a> Onset is often sudden following activities such as heavy lifting, though gradual onset may also occur.<a href="#cite_note-FowlerScadding2003-5">[5]</a> The pain is often described as shooting.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-1">[1]</a> Typically, symptoms occur on only one side of the body;<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-3">[3]</a> certain causes, however, may result in pain on both sides.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-3">[3]</a> <a href="Lower_back_pain" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower back pain">Lower back pain</a> is sometimes present.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-3">[3]</a> Weakness or numbness may occur in various parts of the affected leg and foot.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-3">[3]</a>

About 90% of sciatica is due to a <a href="Spinal_disc_herniation" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal disc herniation">spinal disc herniation</a> pressing on one of the <a href="Lumbar_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar nerve">lumbar</a> or <a href="Sacral_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacral nerve">sacral nerve</a> roots.<a href="#cite_note-Valat2010-4">[4]</a> <a href="Spondylolisthesis" title="Spondylolisthesis">Spondylolisthesis</a>, <a href="Spinal_stenosis" title="Spinal stenosis">spinal stenosis</a>, <a href="Piriformis_syndrome" title="Piriformis syndrome">piriformis syndrome</a>, <a href="Pelvic_tumor" title="Pelvic tumor">pelvic tumors</a>, and <a href="Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> are other possible causes of sciatica.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-3">[3]</a> The <a href="Straight-leg-raising_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight-leg-raising test">straight-leg-raising test</a> is often helpful in diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-3">[3]</a> The test is positive if, when the leg is raised while a person is lying on their back, pain shoots below the knee.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-3">[3]</a> In most cases <a href="Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a> is not needed.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014b-2">[2]</a> However, imaging may be obtained if bowel or bladder function is affected, there is significant loss of feeling or weakness, symptoms are long standing, or there is a concern for <a href="Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">tumor</a> or infection.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014b-2">[2]</a> Conditions that can present similarly are diseases of the hip and infections such as early <a href="Shingles" title="Shingles">shingles</a> (prior to rash formation).<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-3">[3]</a>

Initial treatment typically involves <a href="Analgesics" class="mw-redirect" title="Analgesics">pain medications</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014b-2">[2]</a> However, evidence for effectiveness of pain medication, and of <a href="Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">muscle relaxants</a>, is lacking.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17585160-6">[6]</a> It is generally recommended that people continue with normal activity to the best of their abilities.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-3">[3]</a> Often all that is required for resolution of sciatica is time; in about 90% of cases, symptoms resolve in less than six weeks.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014b-2">[2]</a> If the pain is severe and lasts for more than six weeks, surgery may be an option.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014b-2">[2]</a> While surgery often speeds pain improvement, its long term benefits are unclear.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-3">[3]</a> Surgery may be required if complications occur, such as loss of normal bowel or bladder function.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014b-2">[2]</a> Many treatments, including <a href="Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroids</a>, <a href="Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a>, <a href="Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">pregabalin</a>, <a href="Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">acupuncture</a>, heat or ice, and <a href="Spinal_manipulation" title="Spinal manipulation">spinal manipulation</a>, have only <a href="Levels_of_evidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Levels of evidence">limited or poor evidence</a> supporting their use.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29970367-8">[8]</a>

Depending on how it is defined, less than 1% to 40% of people have sciatica at some point in time.<a href="#cite_note-Valat2010-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cook2014-9">[9]</a> Sciatica is most common between the ages of 40 and 59, and men are more frequently affected than women.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014b-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-3">[3]</a> The condition has been known since ancient times.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-3">[3]</a> The first known modern use of the word sciatica dates from 1451,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> although <a href="Dioscorides" title="Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a> (1st-century CE) mentions it in his <a href="De_Materia_Medica_(Dioscorides)" class="mw-redirect" title="De Materia Medica (Dioscorides)">Materia Medica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>

The term "sciatica" usually describes a <a href="Symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptom">symptom</a>—pain along the <a href="Sciatic_nerve" title="Sciatic nerve">sciatic nerve</a> pathway—rather than a specific condition, illness, or disease.<a href="#cite_note-Valat2010-4">[4]</a> Some use it to mean any pain starting in the lower back and going down the leg.<a href="#cite_note-Valat2010-4">[4]</a> The pain is characteristically described as shooting or shock-like, quickly traveling along the course of the affected nerves.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Others use the term as a <a href="Diagnosis" title="Diagnosis">diagnosis</a> (i.e. an indication of cause and effect) for nerve dysfunction caused by compression of one or more lumbar or sacral nerve roots from a spinal disc herniation.<a href="#cite_note-Valat2010-4">[4]</a> Pain typically occurs in the distribution of a <a href="Dermatome_(anatomy)" title="Dermatome (anatomy)">dermatome</a> and goes below the knee to the foot.<a href="#cite_note-Valat2010-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17585160-6">[6]</a> It may be associated with <a href="Neurological" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurological">neurological</a> dysfunction, such as weakness and numbness.<a href="#cite_note-Valat2010-4">[4]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risk_factors">Risk factors</h3></div>

Modifiable risk factors for sciatica include <a href="Smoking" title="Smoking">smoking</a>, <a href="Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, occupation,<a href="#cite_note-Cook2014-9">[9]</a> and physical sports where back muscles and heavy weights are involved. Non-modifiable risk factors include increasing age, being male, and having a personal history of <a href="Low_back_pain" title="Low back pain">low back pain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cook2014-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spinal_disc_herniation">Spinal disc herniation</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Spinal_disc_herniation" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal disc herniation">Spinal disc herniation</a></div>

<a href="Spinal_disc_herniation" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal disc herniation">Spinal disc herniation</a> pressing on one of the <a href="Lumbar_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar nerve">lumbar</a> or <a href="Sacral_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacral nerve">sacral nerve</a> roots is the most frequent cause of sciatica, being present in about 90% of cases.<a href="#cite_note-Valat2010-4">[4]</a> This is particularly true in those under age 50.<a href="#cite_note-tarulli_radiculopathy-13">[13]</a> Disc herniation most often occurs during heavy lifting.<a href="#cite_note-:3-14">[14]</a> Pain typically increases when bending forward or sitting, and reduces when lying down or walking.<a href="#cite_note-tarulli_radiculopathy-13">[13]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spinal_stenosis">Spinal stenosis</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Lumbar_spinal_stenosis" title="Lumbar spinal stenosis">Lumbar spinal stenosis</a></div>

Other compressive spinal causes include <a href="Lumbar_spinal_stenosis" title="Lumbar spinal stenosis">lumbar spinal stenosis</a>, a condition in which the <a href="Spinal_canal" title="Spinal canal">spinal canal</a>, the space the spinal cord runs through, narrows and compresses the spinal cord, <a href="Cauda_equina" title="Cauda equina">cauda equina</a>, or sciatic nerve roots.<a href="#cite_note-:2-15">[15]</a> This narrowing can be caused by <a href="Exostosis" title="Exostosis">bone spurs</a>, <a href="Spondylolisthesis" title="Spondylolisthesis">spondylolisthesis</a>, <a href="Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>, or a <a href="Herniated_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Herniated disc">herniated disc</a>, which decreases available space for the spinal cord, thus pinching and irritating nerves from the spinal cord that become the sciatic nerve.<a href="#cite_note-:2-15">[15]</a> This is the most frequent cause after age 50.<a href="#cite_note-tarulli_radiculopathy-13">[13]</a> Sciatic pain due to spinal stenosis is most commonly brought on by standing, walking, or sitting for extended periods of time, and reduces when bending forward.<a href="#cite_note-tarulli_radiculopathy-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-15">[15]</a> However, pain can arise with any position or activity in severe cases.<a href="#cite_note-:2-15">[15]</a> The pain is most commonly relieved by rest.<a href="#cite_note-:2-15">[15]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piriformis_syndrome">Piriformis syndrome</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Piriformis_syndrome" title="Piriformis syndrome">Piriformis syndrome</a></div>

Piriformis syndrome is a condition that, depending on the analysis, varies from a "very rare" cause to contributing up to 8% of low back or buttock pain.<a href="#cite_note-Miller2012-16">[16]</a> In 17% of people, the sciatic nerve runs through the <a href="Piriformis_muscle" title="Piriformis muscle">piriformis muscle</a> rather than beneath it.<a href="#cite_note-:2-15">[15]</a> When the piriformis shortens or spasms due to trauma or overuse, it is posited that this causes compression of the sciatic nerve.<a href="#cite_note-Miller2012-16">[16]</a> Piriformis syndrome has colloquially been referred to as "wallet sciatica" since a <a href="Wallets" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallets">wallet</a> carried in a rear hip pocket compresses the buttock muscles and sciatic nerve when the bearer sits down. Piriformis syndrome may be suspected as a cause of sciatica when the spinal nerve roots contributing to the sciatic nerve are normal and no herniation of a spinal disc is apparent.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19466717-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17030664-18">[18]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deep_gluteal_syndrome">Deep gluteal syndrome</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Deep_gluteal_syndrome" title="Deep gluteal syndrome">Deep gluteal syndrome</a></div>

Deep gluteal syndrome is non-discogenic, extrapelvic sciatic <a href="Nerve_compression_syndrome" title="Nerve compression syndrome">nerve entrapment</a> in the deep gluteal space.<a href="#cite_note-:5-19">[19]</a> Piriformis syndrome was once the traditional model of sciatic nerve entrapment in this anatomic region. The understanding of non-discogenic sciatic nerve entrapment has changed significantly with improved knowledge of posterior hip anatomy, nerve kinematics, and advances in <a href="Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">endoscopic</a> techniques to explore the sciatic nerve.<a href="#cite_note-:6-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-21">[21]</a> There are now many known causes of sciatic nerve entrapment, such as fibrous bands restricting nerve mobility, that are unrelated to the piriformis in the deep gluteal space. Deep gluteal syndrome was created as an improved classification for the many distinct causes of sciatic nerve entrapment in this anatomic region.<a href="#cite_note-:7-21">[21]</a> Piriformis syndrome is now considered one of many causes of deep gluteal syndrome.<a href="#cite_note-:6-20">[20]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endometriosis">Endometriosis</h3></div>

Sciatic <a href="Endometriosis" title="Endometriosis">endometriosis</a>, also called catamenial or cyclical sciatica, is a sciatica whose cause is endometriosis. Its incidence is unknown. Diagnosis is usually made by an <a href="Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">MRI</a> or CT-<a href="Myelography" title="Myelography">myelography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gandhi_Wilson_Liang_Weissbart_pp._3–9-22">[22]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</h3></div>

Sciatica may also occur during pregnancy, especially during later stages, as a result of the weight of the <a href="Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a> pressing on the sciatic nerve during sitting or during leg spasms.<a href="#cite_note-:2-15">[15]</a> While most cases do not directly harm the woman or the fetus, indirect harm may come from the numbing effect on the legs, which can cause loss of balance and falls. There is no standard treatment for pregnancy-induced sciatica.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div>

Pain that does not improve when lying down suggests a nonmechanical cause, such as <a href="Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, <a href="Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>, or <a href="Infection" title="Infection">infection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tarulli_radiculopathy-13">[13]</a> Sciatica can be caused by <a href="Tumors" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumors">tumors</a> impinging on the spinal cord or the nerve roots.<a href="#cite_note-Valat2010-4">[4]</a> Severe back pain extending to the hips and feet, loss of bladder or bowel control, or muscle weakness may result from <a href="Spinal_tumor" title="Spinal tumor">spinal tumors</a> or <a href="Cauda_equina_syndrome" title="Cauda equina syndrome">cauda equina syndrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-15">[15]</a> Trauma to the spine, such as from a car accident or hard fall onto the heel or buttocks, may also lead to sciatica.<a href="#cite_note-:2-15">[15]</a> A relationship has been proposed with a latent <a href="Cutibacterium_acnes" title="Cutibacterium acnes">Cutibacterium acnes</a> infection in the intervertebral discs, but the role it plays is not yet clear.<a href="#cite_note-GankoRao2015-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChenZhou2016-25">[25]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2></div>

The sciatic nerve comprises nerve roots L4, L5, S1, S2, and S3 in the spine.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> These nerve roots merge in the pelvic cavity to form the <a href="Sacral_plexus" title="Sacral plexus">sacral plexus</a> and the sciatic nerve branches from that. Sciatica symptoms can occur when there is pathology anywhere along the course of these nerves.<a href="#cite_note-:02-27">[27]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intraspinal_sciatica">Intraspinal sciatica</h3></div>

Intraspinal, or discogenic sciatica refers to sciatica whose pathology involves the spine. In 90% of sciatica cases, this can occur as a result of a spinal disc bulge or <a href="Spinal_disc_herniation" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal disc herniation">herniation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Sciatica is generally caused by the compression of <a href="Lumbar_nerves" title="Lumbar nerves">lumbar nerves</a> L4 or L5 or <a href="Sacral_nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacral nerves">sacral nerve</a> S1.<a href="#cite_note-:4-29">[29]</a> Less commonly, <a href="Sacral_nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacral nerves">sacral nerves</a> S2 or S3 may cause sciatica.<a href="#cite_note-:4-29">[29]</a>

Intervertebral spinal discs consist of an outer <a href="Anulus_fibrosus_disci_intervertebralis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anulus fibrosus disci intervertebralis">anulus fibrosus</a> and an inner <a href="Intervertebral_disc" title="Intervertebral disc">nucleus pulposus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-14">[14]</a> The <a href="Anulus_fibrosus_disci_intervertebralis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anulus fibrosus disci intervertebralis">anulus fibrosus</a> forms a rigid ring around the <a href="Intervertebral_disc" title="Intervertebral disc">nucleus pulposus</a> early in human development, and the gelatinous contents of the nucleus pulposus are thus contained within the disc.<a href="#cite_note-:3-14">[14]</a> Discs separate the spinal vertebrae, thereby increasing spinal stability and allowing nerve roots to properly exit through the spaces between the vertebrae from the spinal cord.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> As an individual ages, the <a href="Anulus_fibrosus_disci_intervertebralis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anulus fibrosus disci intervertebralis">anulus fibrosus</a> weakens and becomes less rigid, making it at greater risk for tear.<a href="#cite_note-:3-14">[14]</a> When there is a tear in the <a href="Anulus_fibrosus_disci_intervertebralis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anulus fibrosus disci intervertebralis">anulus fibrosus</a>, the <a href="Intervertebral_disc" title="Intervertebral disc">nucleus pulposus</a> may extrude through the tear and press against spinal nerves within the spinal cord, <a href="Cauda_equina" title="Cauda equina">cauda equina</a>, or exiting <a href="Nerve_root" title="Nerve root">nerve roots</a>, causing inflammation, numbness, or excruciating pain.<a href="#cite_note-:1-31">[31]</a> Inflammation of spinal tissue can then spread to adjacent facet joints and cause <a href="Facet_syndrome" title="Facet syndrome">facet syndrome</a>, which is characterized by lower back pain and referred pain in the <a href="Posterior_compartment_of_thigh" title="Posterior compartment of thigh">posterior thigh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-14">[14]</a>

Other causes of sciatica secondary to spinal nerve entrapment include the roughening, enlarging, or misalignment (<a href="Spondylolisthesis" title="Spondylolisthesis">spondylolisthesis</a>) of <a href="Vertebra" title="Vertebra">vertebrae</a>, or <a href="Degenerative_disc_disease" title="Degenerative disc disease">disc degeneration</a> that reduces the diameter of the lateral foramen through which nerve roots exit the spine.<a href="#cite_note-:3-14">[14]</a> When sciatica is caused by compression of a <a href="Dorsal_nerve_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal nerve root">dorsal nerve root</a>, it is considered a lumbar <a href="Radiculopathy" title="Radiculopathy">radiculopathy</a> or <a href="Radiculitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiculitis">radiculitis</a> when accompanied by an inflammatory response.<a href="#cite_note-:2-15">[15]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extraspinal_sciatica">Extraspinal sciatica</h3></div>

The sciatic nerve is highly mobile during hip and leg movements.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Any pathology which restricts normal movement of the sciatic nerve can put abnormal pressure, strain, or tension on the nerve in certain positions or during normal movements. For example, the presence of <a href="Scar" title="Scar">scar tissue</a> around a nerve can cause traction neuropathy.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>

A well known muscular cause of extraspinal sciatica is <a href="Piriformis_syndrome" title="Piriformis syndrome">piriformis syndrome</a>. The <a href="Piriformis_muscle" title="Piriformis muscle">piriformis muscle</a> is directly adjacent to the course of the sciatic nerve as it traverses through the intrapelvic space. Pathologies of the piriformis muscle such as injury (e.g. swelling and scarring), inflammation (release of <a href="Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokines</a> affecting the local cellular environment), or space occupying lesions (e.g. tumor, cyst, hypertrophy) can affect the sciatic nerve.<a href="#cite_note-:02-27">[27]</a> Anatomic variations in nerve branching can also predispose the sciatic nerve to further compression by the piriformis muscle, such as if the sciatic nerve pierces the piriformis muscle.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a>

The sciatic nerve can also be entrapped outside of the pelvic space and this is called <a href="Deep_gluteal_syndrome" title="Deep gluteal syndrome">deep gluteal syndrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-19">[19]</a> Surgical research has identified new causes of entrapment such as fibrovascular scar bands, vascular abnormalities, <a href="Heterotopic_ossification" title="Heterotopic ossification">heterotropic ossification</a>, <a href="Gluteal_muscles" title="Gluteal muscles">gluteal muscles</a>, <a href="Hamstring" title="Hamstring">hamstring muscles</a>, and the <a href="Gemelli_muscles" title="Gemelli muscles">gemelli</a>-<a href="Obturator_internus_muscle" title="Obturator internus muscle">obturator internus</a> complex.<a href="#cite_note-:6-20">[20]</a> In almost half of the endoscopic surgery cases, fibrovascular scar bands were found to be the cause of entrapment, impeding the movement of the sciatic nerve.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2></div>

Sciatica is typically diagnosed by physical examination, and the history of the symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-Valat2010-4">[4]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_tests">Physical tests</h3></div>

Generally, if a person reports the typical radiating pain in one leg, as well as one or more neurological indications of nerve root tension or neurological deficit, sciatica can be diagnosed.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17585160-6">[6]</a>

The most frequently used diagnostic test is the <a href="Straight_leg_raise" title="Straight leg raise">straight leg raise</a> to produce <a href="Las%C3%A8gue's_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasègue's sign">Lasègue's sign</a>, which is considered positive if pain in the distribution of the sciatic nerve is reproduced with passive flexion of the straight leg between 30 and 70 degrees.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15130982-38">[38]</a> While this test is positive in about 90% of people with sciatica, approximately 75% of people with a positive test do not have sciatica.<a href="#cite_note-Valat2010-4">[4]</a> Straight leg raising of the leg unaffected by sciatica may produce sciatica in the leg on the affected side; this is known as the Fajersztajn sign.<a href="#cite_note-:2-15">[15]</a> The presence of the Fajersztajn sign is a more specific finding for a herniated disc than Lasègue's sign.<a href="#cite_note-:2-15">[15]</a> Maneuvers that increase intraspinal pressure, such as coughing, flexion of the neck, and bilateral compression of the <a href="Jugular_vein" title="Jugular vein">jugular veins</a>, may transiently worsen sciatica pain.<a href="#cite_note-:2-15">[15]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_imaging">Medical imaging</h3></div>

Imaging modalities such as <a href="Computerised_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Computerised tomography">computerised tomography</a> or magnetic resonance imaging can help with the diagnosis of lumbar disc herniation.<a href="#cite_note-Gregory_et_al.-39">[39]</a> Both are equally effective at diagnosing lumbar disk herniation, but computerized tomography has a higher radiation dose.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17585160-6">[6]</a> <a href="Radiography" title="Radiography">Radiography</a> is not recommended because disks cannot be visualized by <a href="X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17585160-6">[6]</a> The utility of <a href="Magnetic_resonance_neurography" title="Magnetic resonance neurography">MR neurography</a> in the diagnosis of piriformis syndrome is controversial.<a href="#cite_note-Miller2012-16">[16]</a>

<a href="Lumbar_provocative_discography" title="Lumbar provocative discography">Discography</a> could be considered to determine a specific disc's role in an individual's pain.<a href="#cite_note-:3-14">[14]</a> <a href="Lumbar_provocative_discography" title="Lumbar provocative discography">Discography</a> involves the insertion of a needle into a disc to determine the pressure of disc space.<a href="#cite_note-:3-14">[14]</a> <a href="Radiocontrast_agent" title="Radiocontrast agent">Radiocontrast</a> is then injected into the disc space to assess for visual changes that may indicate an anatomic abnormality of the disc.<a href="#cite_note-:3-14">[14]</a> The reproduction of an individual's pain during <a href="Lumbar_provocative_discography" title="Lumbar provocative discography">discography</a> is also diagnostic.<a href="#cite_note-:3-14">[14]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differential_diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</h3></div>

<a href="Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a> should be suspected if there is previous history of it, unexplained weight loss, or unremitting pain.<a href="#cite_note-tarulli_radiculopathy-13">[13]</a> Spinal <a href="Epidural_abscess" title="Epidural abscess">epidural abscess</a> is more common among those who have <a href="Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a> or <a href="Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">immunodeficiency</a>, or who have had <a href="Vertebral_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral column">spinal</a> <a href="Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a>, <a href="Injection_(medicine)" title="Injection (medicine)">injection</a> or <a href="Catheter" title="Catheter">catheter</a>; it typically causes <a href="Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, <a href="Leukocytosis" title="Leukocytosis">leukocytosis</a> and increased <a href="Erythrocyte_sedimentation_rate" title="Erythrocyte sedimentation rate">erythrocyte sedimentation rate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tarulli_radiculopathy-13">[13]</a> If cancer or spinal epidural abscess is suspected, urgent <a href="Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a> is recommended for confirmation.<a href="#cite_note-tarulli_radiculopathy-13">[13]</a> <a href="Proximal_diabetic_neuropathy" title="Proximal diabetic neuropathy">Proximal diabetic neuropathy</a> typically affects middle aged and older people with well-controlled type-2 <a href="Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a>; onset is sudden, causing pain, usually in multiple <a href="Dermatome_(anatomy)" title="Dermatome (anatomy)">dermatomes</a>, quickly followed by weakness. Diagnosis typically involves <a href="Electromyography" title="Electromyography">electromyography</a> and <a href="Lumbar_puncture" title="Lumbar puncture">lumbar puncture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tarulli_radiculopathy-13">[13]</a> <a href="Shingles" title="Shingles">Shingles</a> is more common among the elderly and immunocompromised; typically, pain is followed by the appearance of a <a href="Rash" title="Rash">rash</a> with small blisters along a single <a href="Dermatome_(anatomy)" title="Dermatome (anatomy)">dermatome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tarulli_radiculopathy-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dwo2007-40">[40]</a> Acute <a href="Lyme_radiculopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyme radiculopathy">Lyme radiculopathy</a> may follow a history of outdoor activities during warmer months in likely tick habitats in the previous 1–12 weeks.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2014-41">[41]</a> In the U.S., Lyme is most common in <a href="New_England" title="New England">New England</a> and <a href="Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a> states and parts of <a href="Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> and <a href="Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, but it is expanding to other areas.<a href="#cite_note-CDC-Lyme-Data-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-canada_lyme_map-43">[43]</a> The first manifestation is usually an <a href="Erythema_migrans" title="Erythema migrans">expanding rash</a> possibly accompanied by flu-like symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-ogrinc_bannwarth-44">[44]</a> Lyme can also cause a milder, chronic radiculopathy an average of 8 months after the acute illness.<a href="#cite_note-tarulli_radiculopathy-13">[13]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2></div>

Sciatica can be managed with a number of different treatments<a href="#cite_note-Lew2015-45">[45]</a> with the goal of restoring a person's normal functional status and <a href="Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-14">[14]</a> When the cause of sciatica is <a href="Lumbar_disc_herniation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar disc herniation">lumbar disc herniation</a> (90% of cases),<a href="#cite_note-Valat2010-4">[4]</a> most cases resolve spontaneously over weeks to months.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21292142-46">[46]</a> Initially treatment in the first 6–8 weeks should be conservative.<a href="#cite_note-Valat2010-4">[4]</a> More than 75% of sciatica cases are managed without surgery.<a href="#cite_note-:3-14">[14]</a> Smokers with sciatica are strongly urged to <a href="Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">quit</a> in order to promote healing.<a href="#cite_note-:3-14">[14]</a> Treatment of the underlying cause of nerve compression is needed in cases of <a href="Epidural_abscess" title="Epidural abscess">epidural abscess</a>, <a href="Spinal_tumor" title="Spinal tumor">epidural tumors</a>, and <a href="Cauda_equina_syndrome" title="Cauda equina syndrome">cauda equina syndrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-14">[14]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_activity">Physical activity</h3></div>

Physical activity is often recommended for the <a href="Conservative_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative management">conservative management</a> of sciatica for persons who are physically able.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-3">[3]</a> Bed rest is not recommended.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32291226-47">[47]</a> Although structured exercises provide small, short-term benefit for leg pain, in the long term no difference is seen between exercise or simply staying active.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26165218-48">[48]</a> The evidence for <a href="Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">physical therapy</a> in sciatica is unclear though such programs appear safe.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-3">[3]</a> Physical therapy is commonly used.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-3">[3]</a> Nerve mobilization techniques for sciatic nerve are supported by tentative evidence.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medication">Medication</h3></div>

There is no one medication regimen used to treat sciatica.<a href="#cite_note-Lew2015-45">[45]</a> Evidence supporting the use of <a href="Opioid" title="Opioid">opioids</a> and <a href="Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">muscle relaxants</a> is poor.<a href="#cite_note-Pinto2012-50">[50]</a> Low-quality evidence indicates that <a href="NSAIDs" class="mw-redirect" title="NSAIDs">NSAIDs</a> do not appear to improve immediate pain, and all NSAIDs appear to be nearly equivalent in their ability to relieve sciatica.<a href="#cite_note-Pinto2012-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid28153830-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27743405-52">[52]</a> Nevertheless, NSAIDs are commonly recommended as a first-line treatment for sciatica.<a href="#cite_note-Lew2015-45">[45]</a> In those with sciatica due to <a href="Piriformis_syndrome" title="Piriformis syndrome">piriformis syndrome</a>, <a href="Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">botulinum toxin</a> injections may improve pain and function.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21249702-53">[53]</a> While there is little evidence supporting the use of epidural or systemic <a href="Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">steroids</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid22495738-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26302454-55">[55]</a> systemic steroids may be offered to individuals with confirmed disc herniation if there is a contraindication to NSAID use.<a href="#cite_note-Lew2015-45">[45]</a> Low-quality evidence supports the use of <a href="Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a> for acute pain relief in those with chronic sciatica.<a href="#cite_note-Pinto2012-50">[50]</a> <a href="Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a> and <a href="Biopharmaceutical" title="Biopharmaceutical">biologics</a> have not been shown to improve acute or chronic sciatica.<a href="#cite_note-Lew2015-45">[45]</a> <a href="Antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidepressants">Antidepressants</a> have demonstrated some efficacy in treating chronic sciatica, and may be offered to individuals who are not amenable to NSAIDs or who have failed NSAID therapy.<a href="#cite_note-Lew2015-45">[45]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surgery">Surgery</h3></div>

If sciatica is caused by a herniated disc, the disc's partial or complete removal, known as a <a href="Discectomy" title="Discectomy">discectomy</a>, has tentative evidence of benefit in the short term.<a href="#cite_note-Fer2016-56">[56]</a> A modest reduction in pain is seen after 26 weeks, but not after one year (about 52 weeks).<a href="#cite_note-pmid32291226-47">[47]</a> If the cause is spondylolisthesis or spinal stenosis, surgery appears to provide pain relief for up to two years.<a href="#cite_note-Fer2016-56">[56]</a>

For non-discogenic sciatica, the surgical treatment is typically a <a href="Nerve_decompression" title="Nerve decompression">nerve decompression</a>. A decompression seeks to remove tissue around the nerve that may be compressing it or restricting movement of the nerve.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_medicine">Alternative medicine</h3></div>

Low to moderate-quality evidence suggests that <a href="Spinal_manipulation" title="Spinal manipulation">spinal manipulation</a> is an effective treatment for acute sciatica.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leininger2011-60">[60]</a> For chronic sciatica, the evidence supporting spinal manipulation as treatment is poor.<a href="#cite_note-Leininger2011-60">[60]</a> Spinal manipulation has been found generally safe for the treatment of disc-related pain; however, case reports have found an association with <a href="Cauda_equina_syndrome" title="Cauda equina syndrome">cauda equina syndrome</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid21404036-61">[61]</a> and it is <a href="Contraindication" title="Contraindication">contraindicated</a> when there are progressive neurological deficits.<a href="#cite_note-WHO-chiro-guidelines-62">[62]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2></div>

About 39% to 50% of people with sciatica still have symptoms after one to four years.<a href="#cite_note-Wil2011-63">[63]</a> In one study, around 20% were unable to work at their one-year followup, and 10% had surgery for the condition.<a href="#cite_note-Wil2011-63">[63]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2></div>

Depending on how it is defined, less than 1% to 40% of people have sciatica at some point in time.<a href="#cite_note-Cook2014-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Valat2010-4">[4]</a> Sciatica is most common between the ages of 40 and 59, and men are more frequently affected than women.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014b-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-3">[3]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Failed_back_syndrome" title="Failed back syndrome">Failed back syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Lumbar_spinal_stenosis" title="Lumbar spinal stenosis">Lumbar spinal stenosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Nerve_compression_syndrome" title="Nerve compression syndrome">Nerve compression syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuropathic_pain" title="Neuropathic pain">Neuropathic pain</a></li>

<li><a href="Paresthesia" title="Paresthesia">Paresthesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Piriformis_syndrome" title="Piriformis syndrome">Piriformis syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Sciatic_nerve" title="Sciatic nerve">Sciatic nerve</a></li>

<li><a href="Spinal_disc_herniation" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal disc herniation">Spinal disk herniation</a></li>

<li><a href="Spondylolisthesis" title="Spondylolisthesis">Spondylolisthesis</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/sciatica.html">"Sciatica"</a>. MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine.</cite></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox32" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q565276" class="extiw external" title="d:Q565276">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/M54.3">M54.3</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/M54.4">M54.4</a></li><li><a href="International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=724.3">724.3</a></li><li><a href="Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D012585">D012585</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000686.htm">000686</a></li><li><a href="EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/emerg/303-overview">emerg/303</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style><div id="Spinal_disease117" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Spinal_disease" title="Spinal disease">Spinal disease</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deforming</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Spinal_curvature" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal curvature">Spinal curvature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kyphosis" title="Kyphosis">Kyphosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Lordosis" title="Lordosis">Lordosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Scoliosis" title="Scoliosis">Scoliosis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Scheuermann's_disease" title="Scheuermann's disease">Scheuermann's disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Torticollis" title="Torticollis">Torticollis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Spondylopathy" title="Spondylopathy">Spondylopathy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">inflammatory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Spondylitis" title="Spondylitis">Spondylitis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ankylosing_spondylitis" title="Ankylosing spondylitis">Ankylosing spondylitis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sacroiliitis" title="Sacroiliitis">Sacroiliitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Discitis" title="Discitis">Discitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Spondylodiscitis" title="Spondylodiscitis">Spondylodiscitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Pott's_disease" title="Pott's disease">Pott's disease</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">non inflammatory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Spondylosis" title="Spondylosis">Spondylosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Spondylolysis" title="Spondylolysis">Spondylolysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Spondylolisthesis" title="Spondylolisthesis">Spondylolisthesis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Retrolisthesis" title="Retrolisthesis">Retrolisthesis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Spinal_stenosis" title="Spinal stenosis">Spinal stenosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Facet_syndrome" title="Facet syndrome">Facet syndrome</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Back_pain" title="Back pain">Back pain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Upper_back_pain" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper back pain">Upper back pain</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Coccydynia" title="Coccydynia">Coccydynia</a></li>

</ul></li>

<li><a href="Radiculopathy" title="Radiculopathy">Radiculopathy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Intervertebral_disc#Disease" title="Intervertebral disc">Intervertebral disc disorder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Schmorl's_nodes" title="Schmorl's nodes">Schmorl's nodes</a></li>

<li><a href="Degenerative_disc_disease" title="Degenerative disc disease">Degenerative disc disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Spinal_disc_herniation" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal disc herniation">Spinal disc herniation</a></li>

<li><a href="Facet_joint_arthrosis" title="Facet joint arthrosis">Facet joint arthrosis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_relating_to_the_peripheral_nervous_system54" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diseases_relating_to_the_peripheral_nervous_system54" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diseases relating to the <a href="Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral nervous system</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.75em;"><div id="Mononeuropathy54" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Mononeuropathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononeuropathy">Mononeuropathy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arm</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Median_nerve" title="Median nerve">median nerve</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Carpal_tunnel_syndrome" title="Carpal tunnel syndrome">Carpal tunnel syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Ape_hand_deformity" title="Ape hand deformity">Ape hand deformity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ulnar_nerve" title="Ulnar nerve">ulnar nerve</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ulnar_nerve_entrapment" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulnar nerve entrapment">Ulnar nerve entrapment</a></li>

<li><a href="Froment's_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Froment's sign">Froment's sign</a></li>

<li><a href="Ulnar_tunnel_syndrome" title="Ulnar tunnel syndrome">Ulnar tunnel syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Ulnar_claw" title="Ulnar claw">Ulnar claw</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Radial_nerve" title="Radial nerve">radial nerve</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Radial_neuropathy" title="Radial neuropathy">Radial neuropathy</a></li>

<li><a href="Wrist_drop" title="Wrist drop">Wrist drop</a></li>

<li><a href="Cheiralgia_paresthetica" title="Cheiralgia paresthetica">Cheiralgia paresthetica</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Long_thoracic_nerve" title="Long thoracic nerve">long thoracic nerve</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Winged_scapula" title="Winged scapula">Winged scapula</a></li>

<li><a href="Brachial_plexus_injury" title="Brachial plexus injury">Backpack palsy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leg</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lateral_cutaneous_nerve_of_thigh" title="Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh">lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Meralgia_paraesthetica" title="Meralgia paraesthetica">Meralgia paraesthetica</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tibial_nerve" title="Tibial nerve">tibial nerve</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tarsal_tunnel_syndrome" title="Tarsal tunnel syndrome">Tarsal tunnel syndrome</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Plantar_nerve" title="Plantar nerve">plantar nerve</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Morton's_neuroma" title="Morton's neuroma">Morton's neuroma</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Superior_gluteal_nerve" title="Superior gluteal nerve">superior gluteal nerve</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Trendelenburg's_sign" title="Trendelenburg's sign">Trendelenburg's sign</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sciatic_nerve" title="Sciatic nerve">sciatic nerve</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Piriformis_syndrome" title="Piriformis syndrome">Piriformis syndrome</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cranial_nerve_disease" title="Cranial nerve disease">Cranial nerves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>See Template:Cranial nerve disease</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.75em;"><div id="Polyneuropathy_and_Polyradiculoneuropathy54" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Polyneuropathy" title="Polyneuropathy">Polyneuropathy</a> and <a href="Polyradiculoneuropathy" title="Polyradiculoneuropathy">Polyradiculoneuropathy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hereditary_motor_and_sensory_neuropathy" title="Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy">HMSN</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth_disease" title="Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease">Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Dejerine%E2%80%93Sottas_disease" title="Dejerine–Sottas disease">Dejerine–Sottas disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Refsum_disease" title="Refsum disease">Refsum's disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Hereditary_spastic_paraplegia" title="Hereditary spastic paraplegia">Hereditary spastic paraplegia</a></li>

<li><a href="Hereditary_neuropathy_with_liability_to_pressure_palsy" title="Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy">Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy</a></li>

<li><a href="Familial_amyloid_neuropathy" title="Familial amyloid neuropathy">Familial amyloid neuropathy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Autoimmunity" title="Autoimmunity">Autoimmune</a> and <a href="Demyelinating_disease" title="Demyelinating disease">demyelinating disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome" title="Guillain–Barré syndrome">Guillain–Barré syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Chronic_inflammatory_demyelinating_polyneuropathy" title="Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy">Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Radiculopathy" title="Radiculopathy">Radiculopathy</a> and <a href="Plexopathy" title="Plexopathy">plexopathy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Brachial_plexus_injury" title="Brachial plexus injury">Brachial plexus injury</a></li>

<li><a href="Pectoralis_minor_syndrome" title="Pectoralis minor syndrome">Pectoralis minor syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Thoracic_outlet_syndrome" title="Thoracic outlet syndrome">Thoracic outlet syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Phantom_limb" title="Phantom limb">Phantom limb</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Alcoholic_polyneuropathy" title="Alcoholic polyneuropathy">Alcoholic polyneuropathy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.75em;"><div id="Other54" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Complex_regional_pain_syndrome" title="Complex regional pain syndrome">Complex regional pain syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Mononeuritis_multiplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononeuritis multiplex">Mononeuritis multiplex</a></li>

<li><a href="Nerve_compression_syndrome" title="Nerve compression syndrome">Nerve compression syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuralgia" title="Neuralgia">Neuralgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Peripheral_neuropathy" title="Peripheral neuropathy">Peripheral neuropathy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-16" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Sciatica&oldid=1300849277">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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